Methodologies

• Ion microscopy for quantitative elemental maps with detection limits of about 1 µg/g and lateral resolutions well below 1 µm as well as density maps for morphological imaging
   
• Electron microscopy for the identification of individual particles and agglomerates andaccumulation sites
   
• Autoradiography with radiolabelled nanoparticles for high detection sensitivity
   
• Molecular and cell-biological methods to assess the skin response and activation of dermal cells